Five years after the enormous success of Josh Martinez’ last. The Chicharones have wrapped up recording their upcoming album “Swine Flew” and to celebrate the fruits of their labors they decided to create. Chicharones – Swine Flew (2012) - polish:Elite:board. ROZMIAR RAR TYLKO 228 MB!!!! Here you can find swine flew shared files. Download The Chicharones Swine Flew 2012 FTD muzyka rar uploaded.to The Chicharones Swine Flew 2012 FTD muzyka rar uploaded.to free from TraDownload. Oh, yeah, with support from Cariboo Beer and Exclaim Magazine and your best friend, Make Money Miles, and a sexy minivan, and a ton of brand new hot off the shelf merchandise, and best of all, a brand new album to share with your home and native land. Blotto, my first solo record since 2. Here you can find the chicharones shared files. Download The Chicharones Swine Flew 2012 FTD muzyka rar uploaded.to The Chicharones Swine Flew 2012 FTD muzyka rar uploaded.to free from TraDownload. Lyricsize - All lyrics database Lyricsize is a searchable lyrics database featuring 1,000,000+ song lyrics from 20,000 artists. Use xLyriX to find your favorite song lyrics. Full text of 'Peru as it is: a residence in Lima, and other parts of the Peruvian republic' See other formats. AyeM Ray-DIO (Abstract Rude & Myka 9), The Chicharones (Sleep & Josh Martinez) My-G, Mista Chief, Dalton, Spends Quality, Kinetic Emcees, DJ Zole. Experience, at all costs, especially if it rips your brain and heart and soul to shreds. Shreds i can sew back into a killer jacket, which i can then use to get laid and score drugs. And so on. This tour life is a strange one, and i. Its a lonely, debauched, amazing gift of a life. Where people like you a lot before they even meet you. Where women, drink, clothes, opportunities, drugs and bad choices are all waiting for you. Also so is regret, guilt, poverty, emptiness and the disillusion of ideals held. Its a true example of free will. The road is not for everyone. It may not even be for me. But under the right conditions, I still fucking love it. I. I work my ass off to personally book, headline, finance, manage, drive, sell merch, do press, and admin all the dirty work that makes a tour possible. When we get to wherever the show is, you. And though im not rich and famous (i. Im from Nova Scotia, so you can bet your ass that wherever I go, i. Portland, my current home, was the jump off and the home town was all over us like a new bukkake movie. Was super fun and good. Boise, Sun Valley, Seattle and Spokane, on consecutive nights and then wham, border time. Crossed the border IN Metaline Falls / Nelway and had a pleasant, hour- long paperwork session with a friendly border guard, who could not believe how well prepared we were with our customs paperwork. Practice makes perfect. My friends at the Spiritbar are always serving up a good time. Before the show, the prequel was a huge ping pong tournament that i end up missing and was pissed about for the rest of the night. The show goes down without a hitch, with the cute bartenders and their great pours, nobody is mad at anything. Crowds dance and go crazy. Lights turn on, and the Ping Pong Table comes back out, and i decimate all challengers and staff alike. I am Ping Pong King. The next day, we wake, and after driving for 8 hours on white- knuckle roads through stormy Canadian Winter in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, we reach Kelowna, where we meet up with close friend, and fellow Camobear sexpot . He is with both Stuey Kubrick and . We rip Kelowna several new ones, each of was still leaking when we left. Yuuuuuuuuck. The Saturday show is at the Northern Bar in Fernie, and there is another full day of terrifying mountain driving ahead. Driving through the mountains on any road is dangerous, but on the backroads and mountain passes we drove, during blizzards with icy roads and blowing winds, in a rental minivan without windshield wiper fluid and on summer tires, was nothing short of life- shortening. Nauseously, we arrive in Fernie just as all the Ski Hill Staff has been hired, the tourists have yet to arrive and the spirits are all kinds of high. We get high- altitude drunk and there are definitely multiple cases of flashing, involving winter hats and stickers on nipples. I believe Fernie calls that . Feels good to move around and be human again. Shows in Calgary and Edmonton back to back and they go off. The Wunderbar, in Edmonton, which is owned by a Nova Scotian, is slow at first then pops off like a surprise Macklemore show, as we break the crowd down, and build them back up and collectively, as one, . Drink drink woop! For the next 3 days, we are slated for daily 8 hour drives through terrible secondary mountain roads in totes shitty winter weather. I take the wheel for the first hours of Alberta foothills into BC mountains. And of course, thats when I personally plow through a full grown deer (pause. I did this cause the deer is stupid and he/she probably should die. He/it had the temerity to look me in my fucking face, and then just jump his stupid ass right into my driver side front bumper. I slowed down as best i could, on an icy winter road, kept the car ramrod straight, and hammered him/she square in its dirty little hips, and forced it through the other lane in a spinning mass of legs and shitty deerness. When it stopped spinning on the shoulder, it stood up, shook itself off, looked me in my fucking face, again, and in three quick bounds, leapt over the bushes, off into the wild, alive and well (ish). We checked the van and it was totally fine. No dent, No problem. Anyone who knows geography and/or google maps, knows the drive from Edmonton to Revelstoke to Lethbridge to Saskatoon is gonna be the suck. Sucking was what that drive does everyday at the bustop. Just giving out free sucks. So the best thing about these drives are that my partner in crime, Miles Rubin, Attorney in- laws and Social Worker, is back in the mix and is killing these drives. He does the day shift, usually 5- 6 hours of the 8 hour drives. The shows are a blur of driving, and snow falling, and sleeping in really nice hotels. For whatever reason, everywhere we stayed was a dope boutique hotel. Food everywhere is excellent. No complaints about anything. Shows are great, but then that. Especially now that i’m eating donuts and pastries more frequently. My workout game has gone to Tim Hortons and doesn. The final leg of the drive is through a blizzard where literally nobody is on the road, i’m rarely sure where the road is, and for sure, things are not feeling safe. We arrive finally about an hour before we. The energy is all kinds of good now that i’m no longer in the death van. The crowd response is phenomenal, bringing back all kinds of good memories and making new ones. This is an excellent town full of funny, nice people. We do the house party scene and make friends and yell a lot. Sort of reminds me of a Prairie version of Halifax. The next day, we watch the hometown CFL. Drinks are served, and some are on Fire. We are served 1. 7 kinds of brazilian meat, that is sliced and placed on our table until we hit . Time to leave before we are no longer able to. Its the final haul. A straight drive from Saskatoon to Vancouver before the next show several days away. Stop on the way in Calgary for friendship and watching the Trailblazers on my buddy. Gotta stay close to the shining fortune of my adopted favorite team, the NBA. The Blazers are killing em so far this year and it makes me very happy inside my body, in one of my organs. Its like a shiny light in a weird dark room, that some people call . Sports does that for me when real life doesn. Drama in sports seems so much realer, and more evoking than the indie foreign movies and dark documentaries that i usually prefer. Anyhoo, the drive sucks, its many thousands of KILOmeters, there is much skidding and terrified driving as the windshield wiper fluid is full frozen in the - 2. C (- 2. 32. F) whipping winds, and trucks are splashing salt and shitty brown snow on everything. It takes 3 days to get from Calgary to Vancouver, but we arrive in Vancity like conquistadors with blankets full of very small pox. People are very happy to see us, we do a ton of press, blogs and interviews over the two days before the show. Huge support from the former hometown, and the show goes off with all the usual cast of hobos and never- do- wells making an appearance, as if nothing has changed since 2. After the show, I sneak out the side door and go see my bass player. Me and my bass player both tell her how lucky it is that we are ALL rich now. We drink all her prize money and leave her destitute at the bar. The show is sold out several weeks before we get there, and this will clearly be the culmination of joy and up north hospitality we have enjoyed muchly in the past. This is my 4th time in Whitehorse, and it fits with my motto of going places other artists don. The Whitehorsians know me from Buck Up Princess and Midriff Music, old albums that are considered Canadian Rap Classics, so everytime a song comes on from one of those records, the kids lose their minds. There is multiple encores, forbidden dancing to 9. R& B, and late night parties that only stop when its time to eat guilty Mc. Ribs at 5 in the morning. Apologies to my belly, but this is the best Mc. Rib i. Thanks to all my sponsors (both business and drinking wise) and to all the great fans, venues and opening acts who made this Blotto tour the highlight of my last couple of years.
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Have children trace a leaf onto green paper using the stencil, cut it out and then print their name on the leaf. Children should stuff their paper bags about 1/2 full with newspaper by crumpling the newspaper (tell them to use those hand muscles to scrunch up the paper!)3. Help them to twist the top of the bag. Continue twisting to make it look like a stem on the top. Use masking tape to keep the top twisted. The children paint their bags. Let them experiment with the orange and white paint to make different shades of orange on their bag pumpkins. When dry, staple the child's leaf with their name on it to the stem of their pumpkin. Connect all of the pumpkins together by using the green yarn and display the pumpkin patch on your wall or bulletin board! Hand Pumpkins. Materials Needed: Brown construction paper, orange and green paint. The children make a fist shape with their hand. Dip their knuckles into the orange paint and then print knuckles onto paper (it makes a pumpkin). The children use their thumb to make a thumbprint on top of their pumpkin (it makes the leaf). Pumpkin Printing. Materials: Small Gourds, paint and paper. Cut gourds in half. Early Education Information for Teachers, Parents & Caregivers. Preschool teachers, daycare providers, parents and caregivers will all find something to love about the Preschool and Early Education area of BrightHubEducation. It may not technically be fall yet. This Pumpkin Patch Letter Match is such a fun way to dive into a new season of learning and playing with letters. A harvest of preschool curriculum activities, lesson plans and ideas for the fall season. Use the stems to hold while dipping in paint and use to make gourd prints on paper. Return to Top. Preschool Pumpkin Activities Theme Block Area Ideas. Orange Blocks. Cover some of your blocks with orange paper, wrapping paper, plastic wrap, etc. Then pretend to look at their watches)The 2nd one said . Then move hands in air like the wind)The 3rd one said . Then hold hands up as you do when saying I don't know)The 4th one said . Then place fingers on floor and have them move as if they are running). The 5th one said . Then wave hands and arms in air as though dancing!)WOOOOOSH went the wind. Pass it from child to child. Ask each child to say one word that describes the pumpkin and write them all down! It also allows for some great conversation! Ask many questions while cooking with your children to encourage conversation! Be sure to ask specific themed questions while making these fun snacks! Do you struggle to find time to change out the props in your dramatic play center? These printable props will help you easily transform your dramatic play center into a pumpkin patch. This packet also provides. Pumpkin Ice Cream. Ingredients and Items needed: 1 can pureed pumpkin. Talk to the kids about pie- -do they like it? What's their favorite? Ask about pumpkin pie! Art: Preschool Art: It's the Process Not the Product by Mary Ann Kohl. ISBN: 0876591683; Bible and Devotions: The ABC Bible Storybook by Karen Ann Moore. Cook Communications: 2000. Pumpkins, apples and falling leaves all come to mind when we think of the fall season. Use this guide to fall and harvest-themed lesson plans for grades K-2 to find some great ideas for lessons to complement your autumn curriculum. These preschool mazes worksheets are an engaging way to boost fine motor skills. Check out our preschool mazes printables and find a few for your kid. Tell them about all the things made with pumpkin (cookies, bread, butter, soup, etc.). Tell them they are going to make their own ice cream! Give each child their cup. Have them write their name on it(or you can pre- label the cups). Each child should add once scoop of ice cream. Have them add 2 tablespoons of milk and then stir (until it is like a milkshake)5. Have them add 1 spoonful of pumpkin and stir that in (if they refuse to want to use it, you can use orange food coloring!) Enjoy! And of course, a Preschool Pumpkin Activities Theme would NOT be complete without mentioning that you could simply cook pumpkin and check out the smell and texture and then use it to make your favorite pumpkin pie recipe with the kids! Return to Top. Preschool Pumpkin Activities Theme Ideas to Transform Your Dramatic Play Area. Dress A Scarecrow. Provide a large doll and many articles of clothing for the children to make their own scarecrow together. Include things like hats, overalls, boots, etc. As mentioned before, use props and items that are common for your area and weather during your Preschool Pumpkin Activities Theme! Return to Top. Preschool Pumpkin Activities Theme Ideas for your Easel- -More Than Just Painting (Although that is always THE favorite in our classroom!)Pumpkin Leaf Painting. Add pumpkin leaves or vines to use to paint with instead of brushes! Return to Top. Preschool Pumpkin Activities Theme Large Group Games To Help Your Prescholers Build Their Muscles While They Have Fun Together. Pumpkin Toss. Decorate a trash can or laundry basket as a pumpkin. Use bean bags to toss into the . Preschool Plan- It's thoughts for an Extension Idea- -In addition to printing the number on each pumpkin, draw pumpkin seeds on the back that correspond with the number printed on the front. This will allow those children who do not yet recognize their numbers to learn them AND it makes this a self- correcting math/number recognition activity you can add to the math table once done with the game!)Have fun and you can do that with any shape you want it goes with so many themes. Return to Top. Preschool Pumpkin Activities Theme Ideas for Your Library. Book Suggestions for the Library. I'm A Seed (level 1) (Hello Reader) by Jean Marzollo It's Pumpkin Time! Add a leaf to each one. Program them with the numbers or one- to- one level you are working on. In preschool, you may be working on number recognition or on one- to- one correspondence. I'd recomend programming your pumpkins to accomodate both areas so that you can use them from year to year with whichever level each years' students are at. On the front, print the numerals on the leaves and keep the pumpkin blank. On the back, again print the numberal on the leaf. In addition, draw that number of pumpkin seeds on the pumpkin. Laminate. Provide these pumpkin cards and a small bowl of pumpkin seeds. This can be placed out as a self directed center where the children decide how to use the cards and seeds. It can also be used in small group or one on one teaching groups with the children where you can guide the children to use their fine motor, counting and one- to- one correspondence skills as needed. Gourd Sorting. Provide. Return to Top. Preschool Pumpkin Activities Theme Music and Movement Activities and Ideas to get your Preschoolers Movin' and Groovin'! P- U- M- P- K- I- N Song Thank you Cheryl W. Let's sing the Pumpkin Song! P- U- M- P- K- I- N, pumpkin, pumpkin. P- U- M- P- K- I- N, pumpkin's what it spells. Pumpkins grow on vines. Pumpkin pie is fine. P- U- M- P- K- I- N pumpkin's what it spells. Pass the Pumpkin. Sitting in a circle, play some music and have the children pass a small pumpkin to the person next to them. Keep going in a circle and when the music stops, they stop passing. They then name one thing about the pumpkin to describe it. Pumpkins are Growingsung to the tune of Frere Jacques. Pumpkins are growing. Pumpkins are growing,In the patch. In the patch. Look at all the pumpkins. Look at all the pumpkins. Orange and Round! Orange and Round! Return to Top. Preschool Pumpkin Activities Theme Ideas For Your Sand and Water Table! Sink or Float? Provide different pumpkin items to see if they sink or float! Include small pumpkins, gourds, pumpkins seeds, pumpkin leaves, etc. Return to Top. Preschool Pumpkin Activities Theme Science Ideas- -for your Preschool Scientists in Training! Pumpkin Discovery. Materials: Small pumpkin for each child, 1 length of yarn for each child (the length should be 4 inches longer than their pumpkin), weight scale, My Pumpkin pages (described below), pumpkin carving knives, spoons to scoop out seeds, 2 pieces of orange construction paper, a ruler, glue, markers and your camera! In advance, make pages for each child for their My Pumpkin book. We used plain 8 1/2 X 1. The pages we made stated: Page 1: My pumpkin looks like this. Page 2: My pumpkin is this wide. Page 3: My pumpkin is this . Take a picture of each child holding their pumpkin. Have each child draw a picture of their pumpkin on Page 1. Add the picture you took of them holding their pumpkin to this page. Give each child a length of yarn. Show them how to wrap it around the pumpkin. Take a picture of each child doing this. Help them to cut it to reflect how wide the pumpkin is. The child then glues their length of yarn to Page 2 of their book along with the picture you took of them. Have each child measure the height of their pumpkin with a ruler. Take a picture of each child doing this. Help them to write how many inches tall their pumpkin is on Page 3 of their book. Add the picture that you took to this page. Have each child place their pumpkin (one at a time) on the scale. Take a picture of each child doing this. Help them to write how many pounds their pumpkin weighs on Page 4 of their book. Add the picture that you took to this page. Help each child cut open their pumpkin (of course, take a picture of this!) and scoop it out! Help them to separate the seeds from the goop and save the seeds. Have each child draw a picture of what the inside of their pumpkin looks like and glue a few seeds (once they are dry) on Page 5, along with the picture that you took. Use the orange paper as a cover and back page for your book. These books are a great keepsake for later years for your children and their families! The Job of the Pumpkin Stem. Use this experiment to show what the pointy stem of the pumpkin used to do! At your science table, place a pumpkin and also a plastic cup with water. You'll need a talk of celery and blue food coloring. Explain to the children that celery is a stem that we eat and we do not eat the stem of a pumpkin. But, the job of a stem is to feed a plant! Place the celery in a clear up. Fill half way with water. Drop many drops of blue food coloring in and mix. Observe the changes over several days with the children. Make the connection that the pumpkin stem used to be connected to a stalk in the pumpkin patch and it used to help feed the pumpkin! Let the children feel the celery stalk and the pumpkin stem. Compare differences and similarities. Return to Top. Writing Activity Ideas for Your Preschool Classroom's Preschool Pumpkin Activities Theme! Pumpkin Masks. Materials: Orange construction paper, crayons; scissors. Encourage the children to draw 2 eyes, a nose and a smile on the pumpkin. Have them cut out a pumpkin.. The Basic Guide to Frame Relay Networking Your Complete Guide to Frame Relay from the Frame Relay Forum. Notice Contributors Todd Bahner, ADC Kentrox. A quick scan can tell you. A Frame Relay network doesn't perform error detection, which results. High Speed Networking Frame Relay Overview Fiber Optics. Introduction to Networking Technologies. Frame Relay for High-Speed Networks PDF Download Free. A complete guide to using frame relay technology to deliver high-speed network services Frame Relay for High-Speed Networks Current networking demands of. Frame Relay - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A basic Frame Relay network. Frame Relay is a standardized wide area network technology that specifies the physical and data link layers of digital telecommunications channels using a packet switching methodology. Originally designed for transport across Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) infrastructure, it may be used today in the context of many other network interfaces. Network providers commonly implement Frame Relay for voice (Vo. Building Large Frame Relay Networks with OSPF By Chuck Semeria and Tom Maufer Introduction This paper describes recommendations for building large Frame Relay networks using OSPF. NETBuilder Software Release 8.2 provides. 51-10-30 The Benefits of Implementing Frame Relay Edward Bursk. There are many applications for frame relay in wide area networking. Frame relay connections are in some ways like logical leased lines with special properties. FR) and data as an encapsulation technique used between local area networks (LANs) over a wide area network (WAN). Each end- user gets a private line (or leased line) to a Frame Relay node. The Frame Relay network handles the transmission over a frequently changing path transparent to all end- user extensively used WAN protocols. It is less expensive than leased lines and that is one reason for its popularity. The extreme simplicity of configuring user equipment in a Frame Relay network offers another reason for Frame Relay's popularity. With the advent of Ethernet over fiber optics, MPLS, VPN and dedicated broadband services such as cable modem and DSL, the end may loom for the Frame Relay protocol and encapsulation. In such cases, the least expensive type of non- dial- up connection remains a 6. Frame Relay line. Thus a retail chain, for instance, may use Frame Relay for connecting rural stores into their corporate WAN. Technical description. Frame Relay puts data in variable- size units called . This speeds up overall data transmission. For most services, the network provides a permanent virtual circuit (PVC), which means that the customer sees a continuous, dedicated connection without having to pay for a full- time leased line, while the service- provider figures out the route each frame travels to its destination and can charge based on usage. An enterprise can select a level of service quality, prioritizing some frames and making others less important. Frame Relay can run on fractional T- 1 or full T- carrier system carriers (outside the Americas, E1 or full E- carrier). Frame Relay complements and provides a mid- range service between basic rate ISDN, which offers bandwidth at 1. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), which operates in somewhat similar fashion to Frame Relay but at speeds from 1. Mbit/s to 6. 22. 0. Mbit/s. Unlike X. Frame Relay is a fast packet switching technology operating over links with a low chance of transmission errors (usually practically lossless like PDH), which means that the protocol does not attempt to correct errors. When a Frame Relay network detects an error in a frame, it simply drops that frame. The end points have the responsibility for detecting and retransmitting dropped frames. It requires a dedicated connection during the transmission period. Frame Relay does not provide an ideal path for voice or video transmission, both of which require a steady flow of transmissions. However, under certain circumstances, voice and video transmission do use Frame Relay. Frame Relay originated as an extension of integrated services digital network (ISDN). Its designers aimed to enable a packet- switched network to transport over circuit- switched technology. The technology has become a stand- alone and cost- effective means of creating a WAN. Frame Relay switches create virtual circuits to connect remote LANs to a WAN. The Frame Relay network exists between a LAN border device, usually a router, and the carrier switch. The technology used by the carrier to transport data between the switches is variable and may differ among carriers (i. Frame Relay implementation need not rely solely on its own transportation mechanism). The sophistication of the technology requires a thorough understanding of the terms used to describe how Frame Relay works. Without a firm understanding of Frame Relay, it is difficult to troubleshoot its performance. Frame- relay frame structure essentially mirrors almost exactly that defined for LAP- D. Traffic analysis can distinguish Frame Relay format from LAP- D by its lack of a control field. The flag is used to perform high- level data link synchronization which indicates the beginning and end of the frame with the unique pattern 0. To ensure that the 0. Address Field. Each address field may occupy either octet 2 to 3, octet 2 to 4, or octet 2 to 5, depending on the range of the address in use. A two- octet address field comprises the EA=ADDRESS FIELD EXTENSION BITS and the C/R=COMMAND/RESPONSE BIT. The DLCI serves to identify the virtual connection so that the receiving end knows which information connection a frame belongs to. Note that this DLCI has only local significance. A single physical channel can multiplex several different virtual connections. FECN, BECN, DE bits. These bits report congestion. FECN=Forward Explicit Congestion Notification bit. BECN=Backward Explicit Congestion Notification bit. DE=Discard Eligibility bit. Information Field. A system parameter defines the maximum number of data bytes that a host can pack into a frame. Hosts may negotiate the actual maximum frame length at call set- up time. The standard specifies the maximum information field size (supportable by any network) as at least 2. Since end- to- end protocols typically operate on the basis of larger information units, Frame Relay recommends that the network support the maximum value of at least 1. Frame Check Sequence (FCS) Field. Since one cannot completely ignore the bit error- rate of the medium, each switching node needs to implement error detection to avoid wasting bandwidth due to the transmission of erred frames. The error detection mechanism used in Frame Relay uses the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) as its basis. Congestion control. It achieves simplicity by omitting link- by- link flow- control. As a result, the offered load has largely determined the performance of Frame Relay networks. When offered load is high, due to the bursts in some services, temporary overload at some Frame Relay nodes causes a collapse in network throughput. Therefore, Frame Relay networks require some effective mechanisms to control the congestion. Congestion control in Frame Relay networks includes the following elements: Admission Control. This provides the principal mechanism used in Frame Relay to ensure the guarantee of resource requirement once accepted. It also serves generally to achieve high network performance. The network decides whether to accept a new connection request, based on the relation of the requested traffic descriptor and the network's residual capacity. The traffic descriptor consists of a set of parameters communicated to the switching nodes at call set- up time or at service- subscription time, and which characterizes the connection's statistical properties. The traffic descriptor consists of three elements: Committed Information Rate (CIR). The average rate (in bit/s) at which the network guarantees to transfer information units over a measurement interval T. This T interval is defined as: T = Bc/CIR. Committed Burst Size (BC). The maximum number of information units transmittable during the interval T. Excess Burst Size (BE). The maximum number of uncommitted information units (in bits) that the network will attempt to carry during the interval. Once the network has established a connection, the edge node of the Frame Relay network must monitor the connection's traffic flow to ensure that the actual usage of network resources does not exceed this specification. Frame Relay defines some restrictions on the user's information rate. It allows the network to enforce the end user's information rate and discard information when the subscribed access rate is exceeded. Explicit congestion notification is proposed as the congestion avoidance policy. It tries to keep the network operating at its desired equilibrium point so that a certain quality of service (Qo. S) for the network can be met. To do so, special congestion control bits have been incorporated into the address field of the Frame Relay: FECN and BECN. The basic idea is to avoid data accumulation inside the network. FECN means forward explicit congestion notification. The FECN bit can be set to 1 to indicate that congestion was experienced in the direction of the frame transmission, so it informs the destination that congestion has occurred. BECN means backwards explicit congestion notification. The BECN bit can be set to 1 to indicate that congestion was experienced in the network in the direction opposite of the frame transmission, so it informs the sender that congestion has occurred. Frame Relay began as a stripped- down version of the X. X. 2. 5. When Frame Relay detects an error, it simply drops the offending packet. Frame Relay uses the concept of shared access and relies on a technique referred to as . Frame Relay provides an industry- standard encapsulation, utilizing the strengths of high- speed, packet- switched technology able to service multiple virtual circuits and protocols between connected devices, such as two routers. Although Frame Relay became very popular in North America, it was never that popular in Europe. X. 2. 5 remained the primary standard until the wide availability of IP made packet switching almost obsolete. It was used sometimes as backbone for other services, such as X. IP traffic. Where FR was used in the USA also as carrier for TCP/IP traffic in Europe backbones for IP networks often used ATM or Po. S, later replaced by Carrier Ethernet. Frame Relay eliminates a number of the higher- level procedures and fields used in X. Frame Relay was designed for use on links with error- rates far lower than available when X. X. 2. 5 prepares and sends packets, while Frame Relay prepares and sends frames. X. 2. 5 packets contain several fields used for error checking and flow control, most of which are not used by Frame Relay. The frames in Frame Relay contain an expanded link layer address field that enables Frame Relay nodes to direct frames to their destinations with minimal processing. CCNA Practical Studies . No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review. Printed in the United States of America. First printing April 2. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Number: 2. Warning and Disclaimer. This book is designed to provide information for CCNA candidates looking for hands- on study. Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information is provided on an . The authors, Cisco Press, and Cisco Systems, Inc., shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book or from the use of the discs or programs that may accompany it. The opinions expressed in this book belong to the author and are not necessarily those of Cisco Systems, Inc. Trademark Acknowledgments. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Cisco Press or Cisco Systems, Inc., cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Feedback Information. At Cisco Press, our goal is to create in- depth technical books of the highest quality and value. Each book is crafted with care and precision, undergoing rigorous development that involves the unique expertise of members from the professional technical community. Readers' feedback is a natural continuation of this process. If you have any comments regarding how we could improve the quality of this book, or otherwise alter it to better suit your needs, you can contact us through e- mail at feedback@ciscopress. Please make sure to include the book title and ISBN in your message. We greatly appreciate your assistance. Credits. Publisher. John Wait. Editor- in- Chief. John Kane. Cisco Systems Program Manager. Michael Hackert. Executive Editor. Brett Bartow. Managing Editor. Patrick Kanouse. Development Editor. Christopher Cleveland. Project Editor. Marc Fowler. Copy Editor. Krista Hansing. Technical Editors. Michael Ashton. Brad Bonin. Steve Kalman. Team Coordinator. Tammi Ross. Book Designer. Gina Rexrode. Cover Designer. Louisa Klucznik. Production Team. Argosy. Indexer. 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To my mother, Christine, for her kindness and encouragement throughout my life; and to my late father, Dan R. Heap, whose example and dedication I will always admire. Lynn Maynes. To my wife, Alison: Thank you for your understanding and support through the entire process of writing this book. You truly are my love and inspiration. To my parents, Ruth and Russ. Your love and devotion has been a key influence in my life, for which I'll always be grateful.+Share This. |
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